NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH
NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH
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Synthetic Difference In Differences

Dmitry Arkhangelsky, Susan Athey, David A. Hirshberg, Guido W. Imbens, Stefan Wager

NBER Working Paper No. 25532
Issued in February 2019, Revised in July 2021

---- Acknowledgments ----

We are grateful for helpful comments and feedback from a co-editor and referees, as well as from Alberto Abadie, Avi Feller, Paul Goldsmith-Pinkham, Liyang Sun, Yiqing Xu, Yinchu Zhu, and seminar participants at several venues. This research was generously supported by ONR grant N00014-17-1-2131 and the Sloan Foundation. The R package for implementing the methods developed here is available at https://github.com/synth-inference/synthdid. The associated vignette is at https://synthinference. github.io/synthdid/. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

---- Disclosure of Financial Relationships for Susan Athey ----

Susan Athey serves on the boards of directors of Expedia (EXPE), Lending Club (LC), Rover, Ripple, Turo, Innovations for Poverty Action, and CoinCenter. She previously had a long term consulting relationship with Microsoft. She also advises venture capital firms X/Seed Capital and NYCA Partners.

---- Disclosure of Financial Relationships for Guido W. Imbens ----

I have consulted for Microsoft Corporation, Facebook, Amazon, and Lilly Corporation.

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